Bernardo Bembo, the Venetian ambassador to Florence and the Florence handler for the Venetian Signoria was part of this (“The Venetians are called the new Romans,” he wrote. When Christian von Anhalt created the Protestant Union, he sent one Christoph von Dona (or Dohna) to talk to Sarpi in Venice about the entry of Venice into this alliance. After the White Mountain, he never stopped retreating; he failed to rally the Palatinate for a war of self-defense, and was permanently ousted. In those days of greater theological knowledge, this could be clearly recognized as a new variation on Manicheanism, the idea that good and evil are equally necessary parts of the creation. They soon struck terror in me who heard them. Through this thought I was changed from great fear and suffering to happiness. You would get some pretty nasty religious conflicts as Venice without Humanism filled, right? Sarpi had many English admirers; one was Izaak Walton, the author of the famous “Compleat Angler.” Another was John Milton, who had repeated praise for Fra Paolo. Pp. She had been in the Juan Valdez circle and the Oratory of Divine Love. Rudolph Haubst, “Der Reformentwurf Pius des Zweiten,” in “Roemische Quartalschrift,” XLVIII (1953), pp. The Crucial Issue Now, focus more on the crucial issue. What is called the Catholic Reformation or Counter- Reformation is said to begin with the pontificate of Paul III Farnese. In addition to these fine projects, he has been in a big rush to set up this league of Protestants in Germany, and although he has not been able to do much in this direction, in any case I am sure that if he can contribute to this, he’ll do it.” [Federico Seneca, “La Politica Veneziana Dopo L’Interdetto,” Padova, 1957., pp. We must also remember that the Elector was constantly controlled and advised by Sarpi’s friends Christian von Anhalt and Christoph von Dona. One is from Eastertide 1511, when Contarini went first to the Benedictine monastery on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore, and then to San Sebastiano. These were the Spirituali, interested in the writings of Juan Valdez of Spain, who had come to Naples to teach that justification was given to us as God’s gratuitous gift. This was the Consilium de Emendenda Ecclesia. Gasparo Contarini corresponded with Quirini and Giustinian for more than a decade. Joseph Dwyer ( Maryland, 1965). It provides a snapshot of the situation with four pertinent case studies representing the broad spectrum of Venice's churches. Apparently the response from Spalatin was encouraging, for Pier Paolo made preparations to leave for Saxony; he was deterred from starting his journey, however, by reports of an outbreak of plague along the route. Cromwell had all the marks of the Venetian agent. Mutianus came to know Aldus Manutius, the celebrated Venetian publisher of Latin, Greek, and other learned texts (and the target of Erasmus’s satire in the hilarious Opulentia Sordida). Rosicrucians in particular were heavily present at the electoral Palatine court. A holy father told Contarini that the way to salvation is “much broader than what many people think.” Contarini writes: “… I began to think to myself what that happiness [salvation] might be and what our condition is. Culture and Religion in Early Modern Italy: Contexts and Contestations. Later Spalatin became a personal secretary to the Elector of Saxony, Frederick the Wise, gradually acquiring responsibility for Frederick’s prized collection of relics of the saints, and also for the newly founded University of Wittenberg and for its library. ), as was his son Pietro Bembo. In 1600, Venice was reported to have a reserve hoard in coin of 12-14 million ducats. Dermot Fenlon, “Heresy and Obedience in Tridentine Italy: Cardinal Pole and the Counter Reformation” (Cambridge University Press, 1972). The commission said nothing of oligarchism or usury, but gave all the blame to the excessive power which the Roman pontiffs had arrogated to themselves. When Contarini returned in 1525 from his mission with Charles V in Germany, the Low Countries, and Spain, he told the Senate: “The character and customs of the Germans are close to feral; they are robust and courageous in war; they have little regard for death; they are suspicious but not fraudulent or malicious; they are not sublimely intelligent, but they apply themselves with so much determination and perseverance that they succeed as well in various manual crafts as they do in letters, in which many are now devoting themselves and make great profit…. Theobald Beer, “Der Froeliche Wechsel und Streit” (Einsiedeln: Johannes Verlag, 1980). Pole was protected by Mary Tudor. And I truly understood that if I performed all the penances possible, and even many more, even if they were all taken together, they would not be enough to make up for my past sins, to say nothing of meriting that felicity. [Pensiero 250], Paruta had been an empiricist: “Although our intellect may be divine from its birth, nevertheless here below it lives among these earthly members and cannot perform its operations without the help of bodily sensation. Because Giulia Farnese had been Alexander VI’s mistress at this time, Cardinal Farnese was known as the petticoat cardinal. Frances A. Yates, “Occult Philosophy in the Elizabethan Age” (London, 1979), and “The Rosicrucian Enlightenment” (London, 1972). The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Arrayed later around these were the Bishop of Carpentras Jacopo Sadoleto, G.M. by Robert P. Russell (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1968). Later, Spalatin would go on to become Saxony’s chancellor or prime minister. This thesis explores how Venice's church architecture was shaped by the Counter Reformation between 1550-1700. But later Sarpi and the Venetians found reason to be bitterly disappointed with the refusal of James I and Charles I massively to intervene on the European continent. The letters peak in 1521, but continue thereafter; “there is no one in our group whom I would prefer to you,” wrote Luther to Spalatin on December 12, 1524. At one point Luther was requesting that official documents of Saxony be falsely dated to protect him. The Giovani were determined to be more aggressive against Spain, which occupied Milan and Naples, and against the papacy: these Sarpi called the Diacatholicon. Literate women could even be suspected of witchcraft since popular opinion endowed the written word with “magic powers.” Women were forced to suppress their individual needs and desires to their husbands, all in the name of rationality and civic decorum. At that time meetings with Sarpi and Micanzio would have been on the agenda. Bernini was the master of Baroque architecture in Rome ; … Domestic crafts such as sewing and weaving were recommended, “to keep young girls' minds away from sinful thoughts or avoid any other danger of extreme boredom” (Price, 43). Writing to Christoph von Dohna on 29 September 1608, Sarpi complained, “The King of France has written that Venice is in favor of religion, and he has played a very bad role.” “How did it happen that that great principle was put to sleep?” he wrote to another correspondent that summer, referring to the French mediation of the Interdict crisis; “That is also the reason why it is impossible to incite others.” [Cozzi, p. 259]. Contarini had died before this division became pronounced. Christian was notorious for his adventurism and brinksmanship; one German account of these events speaks of “Anhalt’s crazy plans” [ADB]; these included the ambitious project of wiping out the House of Hapsburg and making Frederick Holy Roman Emperor, a thoroughly utopian undertaking. Or is that just a misconception- it's my first time playing the reformation. Women were widely viewed as emblems of Catholic morality, serving primarily as matriarchs of the domestic household. Morone was jailed in 1557, and Pole was instructed to return to Rome to face a trial for heresy on account of his activities in Viterbo. In 1537, Paul III directed Contarini to chair a commission that would develop ways to reform the church. 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