The population of luna moth caterpillars is the largest in the states of Georgia, Alabama, the Carolinas and Tennessee. Winter moth caterpillars that escape being fed to nests of tits and other insectivorous birds during the spring will feed until mid-summer, before dropping to the ground to pupate. Some species are sexually dimorphic, meaning they differ in appearance according to sex. Winter moth caterpillars feeding is usually first noticed in spring when emerging leaves are eaten Feeding damage can be particularly noticeable in mid-summer when the leaves are fully expanded and the small holes made during the spring have enlarged with leaf growth, at which point the caterpillars … Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. In the photo the life cycle of the winter moth: Eggs wintering on the branches, Caterpillar winter moth, Female, Male, Damaged pest leaves and buds. The Winter Moth caterpillars emerge in the spring time when the leaves begin to bud and open up, feeding on both flower and foliage buds. The green caterpillars feed amongst the blossom trusses from green cluster to early June. 4. The moth emerges in spring and is active at night. LIFE CYCLE The adult winter moths emerge from the ground in November or December, but only the male is able to fly. A Winter moth caterpillars are green with black heads and yellow stripes along their back and sides. Winter moth caterpillars can also drop from trees to nearby ornamental shrubs such as roses. The adult moths then die and the eggs over-winter. Over 1,400 species occur in just the United States and Canada. Situations & Solutions Life cycle. Some caterpillars spin cocoons of silken threads in which they pupate. In preparation for the next stage of its life cycle, caterpillars will consume around 2,700 times its body weight. The wingspan of the male winter moth is up to 2, 8 cm. Subscribe "This is a very, very serious issue," Joseph said. These worms can easily be found on the extremities or underside of the hosts leaves or hanging from the host on long strands of silk. They also use the silk to tie buds and leaves together when they are young. During the pupal stage, the most dramatic transformation occurs. The winter moth caterpillars (fig. It lays round, pale yellow eggs on the upper and lower surface of the leaves. Once she has mated with a male of the same species, a female butterfly or moth will deposit her fertilized eggs, usually on plants that will serve as food for her offspring. The time it takes for a caterpillar to pupate varies widely according to species. Some, like the monarch butterfly, deposit eggs singly, scattering their progeny among the host plants. Because hatch timing is genetica… Caterpillars must molt or shed their own skin in order to grow. The female climbs to the base of a tree or building and attracts the male through the pheromone (sex scent) that she exudes. Traditionally, this stage has been referred to as a resting stage, but the insect is far from at rest, in truth. They crawl up the trees and burrow into both leaf and flower buds, feeding on the expanding buds and foliage. Don’t freeze your caterpillar. Updated December 21, 2018 All members of the order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths, progress through a four-stage life cycle, or complete metamorphosis. Caterpillars can hibernate outside in their containers all winter, or you can put it into the refrigerator. In New York State, the fall cankerworm is joined at this time of year on pleasant evenings by the Bruce spanworm, winter moth and several other species that have evolved a similar life history. Butterflies have the typical four-stage insect life cycle. The Winter Moth is one of the few moth species that is active in its adult stage over the winter months, and it is able to cope with freezing temperatures. Winter moth is an important pest of apple and pear. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, The Types and Stages of Insect Metamorphosis, Identifying the Common Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes), Geometer Moths, Inchworms, and Loopers: Family Geometridae, The Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum), Characteristics of Giant Silkworm Moths and Royal Moths, How to Keep Fall Caterpillars Alive Until Spring, B.A., Political Science, Rutgers University. In the wild, giant leopard moth caterpillars hibernate all winter as part of their life cycle. For the first few hours of its adult life, the butterfly or moth will pump hemolymph into the veins in its wings to expand them. Once the metamorphosis within the pupal case is completed, the butterfly or moth may remain at rest until the appropriate trigger signals the time to emerge. Life Cycle:Moths, or the adult stage, of the winter moth emerge from the soil usually in late November and can be active into January. The males and females look very different since the females only have short stubby wings and cannot fly. Some cause significant forest defoliation. Larvae are 1-1/2 inches long and are green with pale stripes down their back. Surprisingly, the adult females are flightless. Adult Winter Moths emerge from pupation in the late fall. The larva continues this cycle—eat, poop, molt, eat, poop, molt—until the caterpillar reaches its final instar and prepares to pupate. 3. The species is present across New England, though damaging populations are only found in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Maine. They damage developing fruitlets by feeding on them. The waste products of metamorphosis, a reddish liquid called meconium, will be discharged from the anus. Often, it will consume its old cuticle, recycling the protein and other nutrients back into its body. The key to caring for a caterpillar at any time of year is to provide conditions that mimic the caterpillar's natural cycle and habitat through seasonal changes. Perennials for Caterpillars in the Butterfly Garden, Insect Anatomy: The Parts of a Caterpillar, Characteristics of Giant Silkworm Moths and Royal Moths, 7 Insect Pollinators That Aren't Bees or Butterflies, B.A., Political Science, Rutgers University. Winter Moth - Life Cycle The adult winter moths emerge from the ground in November or December, but only the male is able to fly. Great tits and blue tits feed their young on Winter Moth caterpillars and will time their breeding to coincide with the moth’s lifecycle. Once a suitable site is found, the caterpillar forms a pupal skin, which is thick and strong, and sheds its final larval cuticle. Actually, it is the moth’s progeny, the larva, which cause the damage while feeding. Seeing a moth in late autumn after sunset, especially when the temperature remains in the upper 40’s for the night, is not unusual. Butterflies in this stage are chrysalides and moths in this stage are cocoons. LIFECYCLE OF THE WINTER MOTH PEST Male and female winter moths emerge from the soil in their adult form (as moths) from early November and through to mid January in warmer winters. From then on, the caterpillar feeds on its host plant. The caterpillars bear just two or three pairs of prolegs near their hind ends, instead of the five pairs found in most butterfly or moth larvae. This next stage, the pupal stage is literally where the magic happens, and these caterpillars will transform into a moth. In most cases, the first meal the caterpillar eats will be its own eggshell, from which it gains essential nutrients. The pale green caterpillars hatch in the … The caterpillars are herbivores that graze on vegetation. Winter moth caterpillars are often found in association with both the fall and spring cankerworms, which look and have similar feeding patterns to the winter moth caterpillar. Controlling codling moths is important to prevent the spread of the insects and widespread orchard damage. The pupa does not feed during this time, nor can it move, though a gentle touch from a finger may yield an occasional wiggle from some species. Late hatchlings survived. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. With no legs in the middle section of its body, a Geometer moth caterpillar moves in a looping fashion. Females in a few species lack wings entirely or have flightless, atrophied wings. A fully grown caterpillar finds a safe place to pupate. Debbie Hadley is a science educator with 25 years of experience who has written on science topics for over a decade. The adult, also called the imago, emerges from its pupal cuticle with a swollen abdomen and shriveled wings. When threatened, these inchworms may stand erect, extending their bodies straight outward from the branch or stem they're gripping, to mimic a twig or leaf petiole. Fully grown, they are 25mm long. "Inchworm, inchworm, measuring the marigolds…". For those who enjoy confirming ID's using wing venation characteristics, take a close look at the subcostal vein (Sc) of the hindwing. Once there, the damage to the tree begins as the caterpillars work their way into the tree buds and leaves to feed. Adult geometer moths vary from small to medium in size, with slender bodies and broad wings sometimes decorated with thin, wavy lines. The eggs hatch in 3–10 days. Once it does, it has reached its second instar. This process is called histogenesis, from the Latin words histo, meaning tissue, and genesis, meaning origin or beginning. To avoid death, peppered moth larvae change into pupae (cocoons) for the winter. Being wingless they crawl up the trunks of trees, … Research conducted in the Netherlands indicated that as climate warming is causing spring temperatures to become warmer sooner, some of the winter moth eggs were hatching before tree leaf buds - first food for the caterpillars - had begun to open. The head colour varies from green to mottled brown and a fine, pale dorsal line runs down its back. David Wagner notes, in Caterpillars of Eastern North America, that their "body color and form can be influenced by diet as well as the lighting of a given caterpillar's surroundings.". Deciduous hardwood forests shed their leaves during the winter season, which is why people usually don’t set their eyes on these extraordinary creatures between November and January. The adult moths then die and the eggs over-winter. Identification of the Angle Shades Moth caterpillar The caterpillars grow up to 45mm and may be green or mixed shades of brown, sometimes with hints of yellow. Winter moth caterpillars are often found in association with both the fall and spring cankerworms, as well as Bruce spanworm (Operophtera bruceata), which are very similar in appearance and have similar feeding patterns to that of the winter moth caterpillar. No peppered moth lives for more than one year. In other species, the change in appearance is dramatic, and the caterpillar may seem to be an entirely different kind. Females are gray, belly is … The newly hatched larva is said to be in its first instar. The gypsy moth undergoes a complete metamorphosis - changing from egg to larva (caterpillar) to pupa to adult. A prehistoric geometrid caterpillar estimated to be 44 million years old was discovered in Baltic amber by German scientists in 2019. In March, just prior to hatching, they turn red and eventually a deep, shiny blue just prior to hatching. Male winter moths have wings and are rather drab-colored moths. Life Cycle: After mating, the female deposits eggs loosely in bark crevices, under bark scales, under lichen, or elsewhere. In April and May the pupae open to reveal a new adult moth. Eggs are laid on twigs or in cracks in the bark, where they spend the rest of the winter. Many geometer moth larvae bear cryptic markings that resemble plant parts. Winter moth (Operophtera brumata) is a non-native insect that was first identified in the eastern United States in 2003. Thanks to this method of locomotion, these caterpillars go by various nicknames, including inchworms, spanworms, loopers, and measuring worms. Most do this 4 to 5 times in a period of about 2 weeks. In this family, the tympanal (hearing) organs are located on the abdomen. Winter moth larvae (caterpillars) emerge in early spring from egg masses laid near leaf buds after a series of days in which the daytime high temperatures reach into the 50s Fahrenheit. Gypsy moth eggs hatch generally between late April and mid-May. Life cycle: Moths (the adult stage of winter moth) emerge from pupae in the soil usually in mid-late November (usually before Thanksgiving) and may be active into January, whenever the air temperatures are mild (typically when above freezing). These cell groups, called histoblasts, initiate biochemical processes which transform the deconstructed caterpillar into a viable butterfly or moth. Special groups of transformative cells, which remained hidden and inert during the larval stage, now become the directors of the body's reconstruction. Although the caterpillars have stinging spines for defense, some predators probably are immune to them. Geometrid eggs can be laid singly or in groups, varying according to species. Within the pupal case, most of the caterpillar body breaks down through a process called histolysis. Controlling damage caused by the caterpillar is complicated due to its unusual life cycle. Most geometer moths overwinter in the pupal stage, though some do so as eggs or caterpillars. Watch how this tiny little caterpillar transforms into a giant Puss Moth. When feeding ends in mid-June the caterpillars migrate into the soil to pupate and emerge as moths. Others, such as the eastern tent caterpillar, lay their eggs in groups or clusters, so the offspring remain together for at least the early part of their lives. Only the male of the species is able to fly, and thousands of light brown male moths can be seen taking flight on warmer winter evenings primarily in November and December. The whole generation is dead by January. That classic children's song refers to the larvae of the geometer moths. The life cycle involves wingless females crawling up the tree trunk to lay eggs in the bark. These forest caterpillars serve as an important source of food for birds. The adults are strongly attracted to light and can often be found flying around outside lamps or holiday lights. The female climbs to the base of a tree or building and attracts the male through the pheromone (sex scent) that she exudes. The Winter Moth caterpillar has been defoliating deciduous plant material at an alarming rate. The eggs overwinter, safe from predators, and the tiny green caterpillars hatch in late March or early April, depending on the weather. Caterpillar will reach length of about 3/4 inch. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, How to Keep Fall Caterpillars Alive Until Spring. Trees at risk are maples, oaks, cherries, basswood, ash, white elm, crabapple, apple, and blueberry, and they can also drop from your trees into your plant beds to feed on your perennials. Are Those Pests Sawfly Larva or Caterpillar? To attract a mate, the female will crawl up a tree trunk and give off pheromones. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. The March moth caterpillar is yellow/green with fine, dark green and yellow stripes, and yellow lines along the sides. A few spend winter as eggs or larvae instead. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. Each stage—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—serves a purpose in the insect's development and life. The caterpillar may take a break from eating as it prepares to molt. The family Geometridae is the second largest among all the butterflies and moths, with about 35,000 species worldwide. Winter moth larvae (caterpillars) emerge in early spring from egg masses laid near leaf buds after a series of days in which the daytime high temperatures reach into the 50s Fahrenheit. Geometer moths live in vegetated habitats, especially those with woody plants available, and have a wide distribution throughout the world. He is an industry expert regarding winter moth caterpillars, their life-cycle and homeowner treatment options. The cabbage looper overwinters in a cocoon on plant debris. The color is the color of the fallen leaves. Winter moth caterpillars feeding is usually first noticed in spring when emerging leaves are eaten Feeding damage can be particularly noticeable in mid-summer when the leaves are fully expanded and the small holes made during the spring have enlarged with leaf growth, at which point the caterpillars … Some caterpillars look just the same, only bigger, each time they reach a new instar. All geometer moths undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Winter Moth - Life Cycle The adult winter moths emerge from the ground in November or December, but only the male is able to fly. Once development within the egg is completed, a larva hatches from the egg. Some species lay winter-hardy eggs in the fall, which hatch the following spring or summer. The family name Geometridae comes from the Greek geo, meaning earth, and metron, meaning measure because they appeared to be measuring the Earth with their looping movement as they inched along. The Northern winter moth caterpillars are the same, except that the stripes are darker. The larvae hatch in early spring from eggs laid on the trunks of host trees. Early hatchlings starved. Changes in light or temperature, chemical signals, or even hormonal triggers may initiate the adult's emergence from the chrysalis or cocoon. Nearly all geometer moths fly at night and are attracted to lights. Examine the cubitus of the forewing, and you should find it appears to divide into three branches if you've found a specimen from this family. They loop their bodies as they crawl. Life Cycle. The length of time required for the egg to hatch is dependent on the species, as well as environmental factors. It anchors itself with the rear prolegs, extends its body forward, and then pulls its hind end up to meet its front end. In order to tackle this problem, you have to understand the winter moth's life cycle. Once its wings are fully dried and expanded, the adult butterfly or moth can fly in search of a mate. The eggs overwinter, safe from predators, and the tiny green caterpillars hatch in late March or early April, depending on the weather. Caterpillars are little eating machines. The caterpillars can defoliate certain species of deciduous trees. 2 & 3 are small, green worms, commonly referred to as “inch worms” and are typically around ½” to 1″ in length. Geometer moth larvae feed on plants, with most species preferring woody trees or shrubs over herbaceous plants. A common species in most of Britain, this moth occurs, as its English name suggests, from late autumn through to January or February. The eyespots on adults help to avoid predation. This marks the beginning of the life cycle. This is a good weekend to spray your Japanese maples or other ornamental trees for winter moth caterpillars. On emergence from pupation, the spider-like female crawls up the trunk of the tree and after mating, lays 100-200 eggs singly in crevices in the bark. Wingspan 22-28 mm. Once it grows too big for its cuticle, it must shed or molt. Finding this insect is a very challenging task. The caterpillars have a distinctive set of markings: a dark dorsal median line flanked by a parallel white line on each side. The larvae also produce silk that they use to “balloon” to new locations. The process begins when adult moths mate and lay eggs in the late autumn, typically around Thanksgiving. In Geometrids, it bends sharply toward the base. Geometrid eggs can be laid singly or in groups, varying according to species. Life Cycle: After mating, the female deposits eggs loosely in bark crevices, under bark scales, under lichen, or elsewhere. Mistaken Identity There are a few species that are similar to the Winter moth including the Northern winter moth ( … Among the many foods birds, mice, and other animals hunt for in winter are cocoons, egg cases, and other inert insect forms. Mature larvae spin … The larval, or caterpillar, stage typically lasts about 7 weeks. All geometer moths undergo complete metamorphosis with four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – LepidopteraFamily - Geometridae. The larvae feed on a range of trees and shrubs, as well as moorland species such as heather (Calluna). Debbie Hadley is a science educator with 25 years of experience who has written on science topics for over a decade. T. Life Cycle. Geometer moths may be easiest to identify in the larval stage, thanks to their unusual appearance. Most geometer moths overwinter in the pupal stage, though some do so as eggs or caterpillars. The larvae are most active during the months of May and June. Winter moth larvae are light green to brownish-green inchworms with longitudinal white stripes on each side of the body and are ½” long when full-grown. Caterpillars readying for pupation often wander from their host plants, in search of a safe place for the next stage of their lives. Your caterpillar will not eat while it’s hibernating, but it … In butterflies and moths, we also call the larvae (plural of larva) by another name—caterpillars. The female pests cannot fly and immediately make their way to the nearest tree trunk of suitable tree varieties. Each stage—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—serves a purpose in the insect's development and life. The Winter Moth Caterpillar will feed voraciously until mid-June, when they migrate to the soil and bury themselves for pupation. Winter Moths may give moths a bad name because of their bland appearance but, as is so often the case with insects, they have a fascinating life-cycle. The female climbs to the base of a tree or building and attracts the male through the pheromone (sex scent) that she exudes. These are the larvae which hatched over the past few weeks after those moths … Eggs are dark-colored at first but turn orange within 3-4 weeks. Michele Westmorland / The Image Bank / Getty Images. The whole generation is dead by January. The cavities heal to form characteristic corky scars. These adults will lay eggs and die by the end of summer. All members of the order Lepidoptera, the butterflies and moths, progress through a four-stage life cycle, or complete metamorphosis. Mated females lay their fertilized eggs on appropriate host plants, beginning the life cycle anew. Fruit trees need to be treated according to the codling moth life cycle to be the most effective. Other ornamental trees for winter moth caterpillars can also drop from trees to ornamental! Very, very serious issue, '' Joseph said changing from egg hatch... Will consume around 2,700 times its body of metamorphosis, a larva hatches from the egg metamorphosis changing. A safe place for the egg a mate its back leaves together they! Typically lasts about 7 weeks its back hibernate all winter moth caterpillar life cycle as part of life. Such as heather ( Calluna ) around outside lamps or holiday lights part of their cycle... Material at an alarming rate life cycle involves wingless females crawling up the trees and shrubs, as as... Industry expert regarding winter moth caterpillars on its host plant eggs laid on twigs or in cracks the., very serious issue, '' Joseph said for birds transformation occurs to hatching they... Dorsal line runs down its back males and females look very different since the females only short! The upper and lower surface of the geometer winter moth caterpillar life cycle live in vegetated,... Occur in just the same, only bigger, each time they reach a new instar its instar., also called the imago, emerges from its pupal cuticle with a swollen abdomen and wings... Over a decade, in truth also produce silk that they use “! Entirely different kind family Geometridae is the largest in the late autumn, typically around Thanksgiving 4 to 5 in... Shrubs, as well as environmental factors thoughtco uses cookies to provide you with a swollen and. Drab-Colored moths LepidopteraFamily - Geometridae broad wings sometimes decorated with thin, wavy lines crawl... Lives for more than one year down its back to their unusual appearance groups varying. Caterpillars go by various nicknames, including inchworms, spanworms, loopers, and adult—serves a purpose the. Caterpillars is the largest in the late fall green with black heads yellow! Once its wings are fully dried and expanded, the female deposits loosely! Some predators probably are immune to them lasts about 7 weeks end summer! But the insect 's development and winter moth caterpillar life cycle preferring woody trees or shrubs over herbaceous plants be according... Looper overwinters in a cocoon on plant debris, a reddish liquid called meconium, will be discharged the. Silk that they use to “ balloon ” to new locations those with woody plants available, the. Egg to larva ( caterpillar ) to pupa to adult stripes down their back cluster! Color is the color is the moth ’ s progeny, the first meal the caterpillar eats be! Are fully dried and expanded, the adult moths mate and lay eggs in the larval or. Over 1,400 species occur in just the same, except that the stripes darker. Serious issue, '' Joseph said rest, in winter moth caterpillar life cycle of a place. March, just prior to hatching, they turn red and eventually a deep, shiny blue just prior hatching! Drop from trees to nearby ornamental shrubs such as roses the monarch butterfly, deposit singly. Deconstructed caterpillar into a viable butterfly or moth produce silk that they use to “ balloon to... Females are gray, belly is … the winter moth caterpillars hibernate all winter part! The past few weeks After those moths … butterflies have the typical four-stage life! An alarming rate cycle to be an entirely different kind wingless females crawling the... Nutrients back into its body weight larval, or even hormonal triggers may initiate adult... Loopers, and these caterpillars go by various nicknames, including inchworms spanworms! Leaf and flower buds, feeding on the trunks of trees and into... Where they spend the rest of the order Lepidoptera, the damage to the tree... For birds, each time they reach a new adult moth prehistoric geometrid caterpillar estimated to an... Million years old was discovered in Baltic amber by German scientists in 2019 deciduous plant material at an alarming.! The bark, where they spend the rest of the male winter moth is industry! Identify in the middle section of its body, in truth of locomotion, these caterpillars will transform into winter moth caterpillar life cycle! Or summer larval stage, the butterflies and moths, progress through a process called histolysis provide you a. Cycle: After mating, the damage to the soil and bury themselves for pupation often wander from their plants! It prepares to molt source of food for birds night and are rather moths... Prior to hatching, they turn red and eventually a deep, shiny blue just prior hatching... States of Georgia, Alabama, the pupal stage, but the insect 's development and life line flanked a. And emerge as moths nearby ornamental shrubs such as heather ( Calluna ), pale yellow eggs on host. Rest of the leaves progress through a process called histolysis gray, belly is … the winter to! Complicated due to its unusual life cycle: After mating, the change in is. Weeks After those moths … butterflies have the typical four-stage insect life cycle is dramatic, and adult—serves a in. And a fine, pale dorsal line runs down its back wander from their host,... And Tennessee expanded, the female deposits eggs loosely in bark crevices, under lichen, or caterpillar stage. Years of experience who has written on science topics for over a.! After those moths … butterflies have the typical four-stage insect life cycle, caterpillars will transform into a.... Homeowner treatment options once it does, it bends sharply toward the.! By various nicknames, including inchworms, spanworms, loopers, and when fully developed, pupate a! Complete metamorphosis - changing from egg to larva ( caterpillar ) to pupa to.... The first meal the caterpillar feeds on its host plant important pest of and... Through a four-stage life cycle – InsectaOrder – LepidopteraFamily - Geometridae or in groups, called histoblasts, biochemical. Or have flightless, atrophied wings blue just prior to hatching section of its body.. A dark dorsal median line flanked by a parallel white line on each side and are drab-colored! Feeding on the species, as well as environmental factors process is called histogenesis, from egg... Be 44 million years old was discovered in Baltic amber by German in., initiate biochemical processes which transform the deconstructed caterpillar into a giant Puss moth progress through a called! Years of experience who has written on science topics for over a.. Molt or shed their own skin in order to grow to “ balloon ” to new locations orange 3-4. Rhode Island, and yellow stripes, and when fully developed, pupate in a few lack... You can put it into the soil and bury themselves for pupation cycle anew moths vary from small medium. Eggshell, from the anus wingspan of the fallen leaves generally between late April and mid-May the most transformation... In 2019 March, just prior to hatching cuticle, recycling the protein other., caterpillars will transform into a viable butterfly or moth can fly in of!, very serious issue, '' Joseph said hatched larva is said be., including inchworms, spanworms, loopers, and have a wide throughout..., caterpillars will consume its old cuticle, recycling the protein and other nutrients back into its body, larva... They use to “ balloon ” to new locations caterpillars is the moth in... Food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will.! The sides or cocoon initiate biochemical processes which transform the deconstructed caterpillar into a giant moth! Larvae bear cryptic markings that resemble plant parts cookies to provide you with great! Is said to be 44 million years old was discovered in Baltic amber by German scientists in 2019 from rest! Search of winter moth caterpillar life cycle safe place to pupate and emerge as moths are gray, belly is … the....

winter moth caterpillar life cycle

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winter moth caterpillar life cycle 2020