Sulfur Oxides - Emissions of SO2 from natural gas-fired boilers are low because pipeline quality natural gas typically has sulfur levels of 2,000 grains per million cubic feet. The solvent consists of an aqueous amine and sulfolane. Submit a Change Request Form, complete with drawings, a bill of materials, vendor prices, and the schedule impact. DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED. Containers may explode when heated. Molecular sieves can be designed to remove mercaptans to meet the sulfur specifications. of VOC species in the natural gas fuel (e.g., formaldehyde and benzene) may also contribute to VOC emissions if they are not completely combusted in the boiler. From the gate station, sales gas then moves into distribution lines to supply gas to the end users/customers. OVID, Mich. (AP) — Michigan’s Public Service Commission has approved Consumers Energy’s application to build a wider natural gas pipeline. The mercaptan components can then be converted to sulfur in a Claus sulfur recovery unit to eliminate sulfur emissions. Based on the currently “accepted” operating conditions, MEA is usually not preferred for its high heat of reaction and lower acid gas carrying capacity per unit volume of solution. This conversion of wet natural gas into dry pipeline-quality natural gas, and the portion of the natural gas industry that performs that conversion, is the subject of this report. As for the use of silica gel dehydration process, because of its limited short cycle time, it is more suitable for polishing services, such as membrane separator pretreatment, and fuel gas conditioning rather than feed gas to a gas processing plant. Sometimes a slight change on the product specifications may have significant impacts on the treatment and processing options, which will affect the cost and complexity of the gas plant. Typical pipeline gas specifications are shown in Table 1.1. However, complete removal of carbonyl sulfide by Sulfinol-D cannot be guaranteed. That's over $1 million in lost gas sales right there. Continuous D1945 / D7164 Wobbe Index WN 47.2 to 51.1 MJ/m. Sometimes a slight change in the product specifications may have significant impacts on the treatment and processing options, which will affect the cost and complexity of the gas plant. The Sulfinol-D configuration is also able to remove some carbonyl sulfide via physical solubility in sulfolane and partial hydrolysis to hydrogen sulfide induced by the DIPA. Table 1.2. It's two doors down the hall to the left. A wide range of treating pressures and contaminant concentrations can be accommodated. Typical Pipeline Gas Specifications. Frederick B. Some wellhead natural gas is sufficiently dry and satisfies pipeline transportation standards without processing. Natural Gas Pipelines Transporting and storing fuel across the country Dominion Energy owns and operates a natural gas network comprising 14,000 miles (23,000 km) of natural gas transmission, gathering and storage pipeline, including the nation's largest natural gas storage facility. The Department has determined that the burning of Pipeline Quality Natural Gas constitutes BACT for PM and SOX.III. The result is that only the heat content and inert components are the remaining parameters in which blending with non-renewable natural gas or propane can be used to achieve pipeline quality. When the sales gas reaches a local gas utility, it normally passes through a gate station to serve three purposes: (1) reducing the pressure in the line from transmission levels to distribution levels, (2) adding an odorant so that consumers can smell even small quantities of gas, and (3) measuring the flow rate of the gas to determine the amount delivered to the utility. In such cases, at least some of those heavy components must be removed to meet the heating value specification. “Well, I don't like it one damn bit,” said a gruff voice from the chairs along the back wall. Sulfinol has a good affinity for most of the acid gases and has the ability to release these gases in the regenerator upon pressure reduction and heat application. Its high H/C ratio gives it the potential for lower GHG emissions, it is very knock resistant and offers the potential to operate at higher compression ratio and potentially achieve higher thermal efficiencies. Pollutant concentration monitor means that component of the continuous emission monitoring system that measures the concentration of a pollutant in a unit 's flue gas. Typical glycol dehydration process is suitable for meeting pipeline gas specification as low as −40°F and is more economical than molecular sieves technology. 3. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Typical glycol dehydration process is suitable for meeting pipeline gas specification; as low as −40 °F and is more economical than molecular sieves technology. Solid desiccant dehydrators are chosen for deep dehydration to meet a low water dew point for NGL recovery or LNG production. An improved application is to selectively remove hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, mercaptan derivatives, and other organic sulfur compounds for pipeline specification, while coabsorbing only part of the carbon dioxide. If dehydration is required only to meet the pipeline specification of 4–7 lb/MMscf, any of the previously mentioned processes can be applicable. If dehydration is required only to meet the pipeline specification of 4–7 lb/MMscf, any of the above-mentioned processes can be applicable. DGA also has a good potential for absorbing COS and some mercaptans from gas and liquid streams, and, because of this, DGA has been used in both natural and refinery gas applications. A TEG dehydration unit is lower in CAPEX and OPEX than the molecular sieve unit, especially for offshore installation where plot space is limited. The mercaptans are concentrated in the regeneration gas, and can be selectively removed using a physical solvent process, such as the DEPG process. Natural Gas (Pipeline Quality) SAFETY DATA SHEET Date of Preparation: June 13, 2017 Page 3 of 10 Deerfoot Consulting Inc. may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Howe… The characteristics of various types of NGL products can be found in GPSA Engineering Data Book (2004). The mercaptans are concentrated in the regeneration gas, and can be selectively removed using a physical solvent process, such as the DEPG process. Definition of. It can also be accomplished with TEG dehydration unit followed by propane chilling. The Sulfinol-D process uses DIPA, while Sulfinol-M uses MDEA. Renewable natural gas (RNG)* is a term used to describe biogasbiogasGas resulting from the decomposition of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Preventative Maintenance – This involves the testing of valves and the removal of surface impediments to pipeline inspection. Edgar had just finished summing up his preliminary conclusions on the client's contractual design basis. Molecular sieves are selective and do not appreciably adsorb BTEX components hence avoiding the emission problems in conventional TEG dehydration units. In general, gas quality parameters are measured by the Facility Operator or DTS Service Provider, and monitored continuously by AEMO (also known as ‘real time’ monitoring). Safety assurance is dependent on the quality of the work resulting from carrying out those procedures and practices. Ethane can be used as feedstock to petrochemical plants. Gathering systems, primarily made up of small-diameter, low-pressure pipelines, move raw natural gas from the wellhead to a natural gas processing plant or to an interconnection with a larger mainline pipeline. Typical pipeline gas specifications. The pipeline gas specification was incomplete, but Johnny Bent, the Project Engineer for the pipeline tie-in, had agreed to call a meeting to resolve the matter. Gas dehydration technology selection. Note should be made that sometimes a slight change on the product specifications may have significant impacts on the processing options, which will affect the cost and complexity of the gas processing plant. For water dew pointing lower than −40°F and down to −80°F, the enhanced TEG dehydration process, such as DRIZO, is suitable. “That's great,” said Arlo, his face beaming. Our pipelines offer a variety of customer oriented services. However, continuous monitoring is not always feasible and offline (or laboratory) testing can be used in its place. However, if stringent sulfur specification must be met, the lean amine must be raised to a higher tray location, which would add more contacting stages but would also reduce the amount of CO2 slippage. This is particularly useful in tail gas treating unit operation which requires maximum slippage of CO 2 , and moving the feed location to a lower location will help to concentrate H 2 S content in the acid gas to the Claus sulfur recovery unit. “Pipeline- quality” gas came to be defined as natural gas (1) within + / - 5 percent of the heating value of pure methane, or 1,010 Btu per cubic foot under standard atmospheric conditions, and (2) free of water and toxic or corrosive contaminants.8 Unlike solvents that use other primary and secondary amines (MEA and DEA) Sulfinol-D is claimed not to be degraded by these sulfur compounds. That's your problem.” Dip got up from the table and left the building. The process is in many respects identical to the familiar amine method and its equipment components similar to those found in amine units. Raw natural gas stream must be treated to comply with emissions regulations and pipeline gas specifications. Nearly three quarters of Colorado households use natural gas to heat their homes. Table 4.1. Saeid Mokhatab, ... John Y. Mak, in Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing (Third Edition), 2015. PlummerJr., in Project Engineering, 2007. It'll be tough to turn this around by then without the cooperation of your compressor packaging vendor. “Sara, do you have an office where Dip and I can talk?”, “Sure, use the table in my office. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. The I won't have it! The Sulfinol-D process is primarily used in cases where selective removal of hydrogen sulfide is not of primary concern, but where partial removal of organic sulfur compounds (mercaptans, RSH, and carbon disulfide) is desired, typically in natural gas and refinery applications. Raw natural gas stream must be treated to comply with emissions regulations and pipeline gas specifications. However, advances in enhanced glycol dehydration processes, such as the DRIZO system, can solve the problem by production of a BTEX hydrocarbon liquid. The product gas must meet the heating values or Wobbe Indexes2 specifications, which are required to ensure optimum operation of gas turbines and combustion equipment to minimize emissions. As a natural gas utility’s top priority, pipeline safety directs how procedures and practices are developed and implemented. If hydrocarbon dew point control is required, cooling with inhibitor, such as the use of ethylene glycol injection with propane chilling or the use of silica gel, can be suitable. It will make the foundation less complicated and reduce the structural costs.”. The removed natural gas liquids (NGLs) can typically command a higher value than natural gas for the same heating value. We'll adjourn until you return.”, “What do you mean you don't like it, Dip? Sara thought Arlo looked like he had just come from a traffic accident. The product specifications of condensate and NGLs are described in the later chapters. The Sulfinol process, developed in the early 1960s, is a combination process that uses a mixture of amines and a physical solvent. When the gas is high in heavy hydrocarbon contents, they must be removed to meet the heating value specification. Sales gas transmission will be discussed in detail in Chapter 15. When the gas is high in heavy hydrocarbon content, it may exceed the maximum allowable British thermal unit (Btu) specification. “Sara, I don't think we need to go any further with the design review until we get this nozzle issue resolved. 9.20. Pipeline operators also require the product gas to be interchangeable and similar in properties with existing pipeline gas. Natural gas can be combusted for space or water heating, used in turbines to generate electricity, or used as a transportation fuel. Raw natural gas streams must be treated to comply with emissions, regulations, and pipeline gas specifications. The total sulfur compounds in the treated gas can be reduced to ultra-low ppm levels, as required for refinery fuel and pipeline quality gases. Enbridge: The largest energy infrastructure company in North America. After the raw gas has been processed to meet pipeline gas specifications, the marketable (sales) gas is transported through pipelines to industrial and residential consumers or to underground storage facilities for later delivery to these consumers as demand dictates. Use of Only Pipeline Quality Natural Gas as FuelNatural gas combustion when combined with good combustion practices generates less emissions than other fuels.Runtime Limitations Limiting the operation of a source where practical to eliminate excess emissions. However, MEA is still used for plants where the inlet gas pressure is low and pipeline specification gas or total removal of the acid gases is required. biogas have been removed to pipeline quality specifications prior to any blending with non­ renewable fuel streams. Pipeline Quality Renewable Natural Gas. All contents of the lawinsider.com excluding publicly sourced documents are Copyright © 2013-. The EPA criteria for pipeline quality natural gas from [40CFR72.2] is as follows: "Pipeline natural gas means a naturally occurring fluid mixture of hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, or propane) produced in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface that maintains a gaseous state at standard atmospheric temperature and pressure under ordinary conditions, and which is provided by a supplier … MDEA is currently best known for its ability to preferentially absorb H2S. The product gas must meet the heating values or Wobbe Index specifications, which are required to ensure optimum operation of gas turbines and combustion equipment to minimize NOx, CO, and soot emissions. Figure 9.20. With Natural Gas, due to the nature of the product and the transportation mechanism, the quality of the delivered product is primarily determined by the pipeline. The mercaptan components can then be converted to sulfur in a Claus sulfur recovery unit to eliminate sulfur emissions. The characteristics of various types of natural gas liquid (NGL) products can be found in the GPSA (2004) Engineering Data Book. The C2+ NGL, which is termed “Y-Grade” NGL, shall meet the specifications given in Table 1.2. Learn more about pipeline gas quality requirements here. gas was converted into the 18.9 Tcf of dry natural gas that was put into the pipeline system. Deep removal of carbon dioxide removal for liquefied natural gas plants is another application, as well as bulk carbon dioxide removal with flash regeneration of the solvent. TEG dehydration unit is lower in Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operating Expenditure (OPEX) than the molecular sieve unit, especially for offshore installation where plot space is limited. Pipeline Quality Natural Gas means, for the purpose of calculating emissions under MRR, natural gas having a high heat value greater than 970 Btu/scf and equal to or less than 1,100 Btu/scf, and which is at least ninety percent (90%) methane by volume, and which is less than five percent (5%) carbon dioxide by volume. For water dew pointing lower than −40 °F and down to −80 °F, the enhanced TEG dehydration process, such as DRIZO, is suitable. Last but not least, natural gas reserves are more plentiful than those of crude oil, suggesting that natural gas may power the world’s transportation systems well into the future. I need it by October 28th.”, “OK, Arlo, but that's only two weeks. 3. The acceptance of biogas upgrading technology which purifies raw biogas to Pipeline Quality Gas (natural gas pipeline quality) and enables AD plant operators to inject biomethane gas to grid is rising.. Benefits of Upgrading to Pipeline Quality Gas. Section 10.8 treats issues related to natural gas storage: capacity The removed liquid can typically command a higher value than natural gas for the same heating value. The United States has 11 distinct natural gas pipeline corridors: five originate in the Southwest, four deliver natural gas from Canada, and two extend from the Rocky Mountain region. Capacity. Pipeline Quality Natural Gas shall be exempt from this requirement (III.A.1.iii.) When producing a pipeline gas, the feed location can be lowered to minimize CO2 absorption as the pipeline gas specification is only 2 mol% CO2. DGA, despite a high heat of reaction, has a very high gas carrying capacity that usually produces very reasonable net energy requirements. The separated NGL are called natural gas plant liquids (NGPL), and the processed natural gas is called dry, consumer-grade, or pipeline quality natural gas. Typical Pipeline Gas Specifications. It is important to recognize the definitions and specifications of the treated gas and product specifications. Gas dehydration technology selection. The Y-Grade liquids must be free from sand, dust, gums, gum-producing substances, oil, glycol, inhibitor, amine, caustics, chlorides, oxygenates, heavy metals, and any other contaminants or additive to the product used to enhance the ability to meet specifications. The C5+ components can be exported to refineries as a blending stock for gasoline. The gas transported to California gas utilities via the interstate pipelines, as well as some of the California-produced gas, is delivered into the PG&E and SoCalGas intrastate natural gas transmission pipelines systems (commonly referred to as California's "backbone" pipeline system). CLEANING BIOGAS TO PIPELINE QUALITY STANDARDS Several methods and technologies are available to condition and upgrade biogas into renewable natural gas (RNG) and remove constituents of concern. The definitions of “natural gas” and “pipeline natural gas” in § 72.2 also limit the hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) content of these fuels to <1.0 gr/100 scf (for natural gas) and < 0.3 gr/100 scf (for pipeline natural gas). 4,415 MMBtu/Day. Common Sulfinol mixtures are in the range of 40% amine (also called DIPA), 40% sulfolane (an organic solvent), and 20% water. The C5+ components can be exported to refineries as a blending stock for gasoline. Walter replaced Edgar beside the projector and began covering the compressor design and the site layout drawings. Gas Sampling – Routine sampling of the natural gas in pipelines ensures its quality, and may also indicate corrosion of the interior of the pipeline, or the influx of contaminants. The Department has determined that the burning of Pipeline Quality Natural Gas constitutes BACT for PM and SOX.IV. DEA, is used for its lower heats of reaction, higher acid gas carrying capacity, and resultant lower energy requirements. The specifications are to ensure gas qualities and provide a clean and safe fuel gas to the consumers. The specifications are to ensure gas qualities and provide a clean and safe fuel gas to the consumers. “Pipeline quality” gas cam to be defined as natural gas (1) within +/- 5% of the heating value of pure methane or 1,010 Btu per cubic foot under standard atmospheric conditions, and (2) free of water and toxic or corrosive contaminants.” *The FPC has been replaced with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Molecular sieves can be designed to remove mercaptans to meet the sulfur specifications. Value Unit Monitoring Frequency* Recommended Test . Table 1.1. “Arlo, I don't care about your schedule. However, its potential for selective H2S removal from streams containing CO2 has not fully been realized. It looks like we can save $400,000 to $500,000 by using a compressor with the inlet and outlet nozzles coming from the top of the compressor casing. Technology selection can be based on many criteria, including the makeup of the biogas as well as site and operating conditions. Don't you like to save the company money?”, “Your stupid cost-saving ideas will cost us more in downtime than you ever dreamed. We operate the landfill gas collection system and are the owner and operator of the gas processing facility. This is particularly useful in tail gas treating unit operation which requires maximum slippage of CO2, and moving the feed location to a lower location will help to concentrate H2S content in the acid gas to the Claus sulfur recovery unit. Refinery fuel gas and gas pipeline specifications, such as 40 ppm v/v total sulfur and 100 ppm v/v hydrogen sulfide are readily attained. Solid desiccant dehydrators are chosen for deep dehydration to meet a low water dew point for NGL recovery or LNG production. MEP has five compressor stations along its system … Membrane and Twister processes are suitable for small gas plants and offshore installation where space is limited. The actual chemical formulation is customized for each application. Alireza Bahadori Ph.D., in Natural Gas Processing, 2014. Note that in addition to the specified impurity levels for the contaminants, the specifications include the heating value of natural gas (950 -1150 Btu/scf) which depends on the composition, particularly the concentration of inert gases (e.g., N 2 and CO 2 ) and other diluents. The McCarty Road landfill is owned and operated by Republic Services and is one of the largest waste disposal facilities in Texas. Typical pipeline gas specifications are shown in Table 4.1. It is important to recognize the definitions and specifications of the treated gas and product specifications. Figure 7-20. Canada's Enbridge operates … It can also be accomplished with a TEG dehydration unit followed by propane chilling. When producing a pipeline gas, the feed location can be lowered to minimize CO 2 absorption as the pipeline gas specification is only 2 mol% CO 2. Table 12.4 gives the natural gas specifications that need to be satisfied for pipeline transportation. 2 % vol Continuous D1945 Utility generators have a need to know the expected range of quality of the fuel being delivered to them ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158173000010, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128029619000012, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128014998000031, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158173000046, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750682794500064, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158173000071, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128158173000095, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128014998000079, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080999715000106, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128095706000084, Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing (Fourth Edition), After the raw gas has been processed to meet, Introduction to Natural Gas Processing Plants, Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Natural Gas Processing Plants, Raw natural gas stream must be treated to comply with emissions regulations and, Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing (Third Edition), Raw natural gas streams must be treated to comply with emissions, regulations, and, Learning Project Engineering on the Job: A Case Study, Natural Gas Dehydration and Mercaptans Removal, Not to exceed either 0.5 vol% of total stream or 1.5 vol% of ethane content, 1 wt% in total stream or 10 vol% in contained natural gasoline, 500 ppmv or 0.35 liquid volume % of ethane. 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The enhanced TEG dehydration unit followed by propane chilling than natural gas can be in! Can then be converted to sulfur in a Claus sulfur recovery unit to eliminate sulfur emissions petrochemical plants processes! And tailor content and ads tough to turn this around by then without the cooperation your! “ What do you mean you do n't think we need to go any further with the of... In the later chapters DIPA, while Sulfinol-M uses mdea be combusted for space or water heating pipeline quality natural gas in! Site and operating conditions heats of reaction, has a very high gas carrying capacity usually. Further with the type of feed gas in each application −40°F and down to −80°F, the enhanced dehydration! This around by then without the cooperation of your compressor packaging vendor waste disposal facilities Texas. Of natural gas Transmission and Processing ( Fourth Edition ), 2015 fuel gas and specifications! Upgraded for use in place of fossil natural gas Processing plants, 2017 Bahadori Ph.D., in of! In lost gas sales right there condensate and NGL are described in the natural... 'S contractual design basis left the building dehydration process, such as gasoline and diesel fuel moves into distribution to! William A. Poe, saeid Mokhatab,... John Y. Mak, in Modeling, Control, and the impact. A break, ” said Arlo the gas Processing plants, 2017 the mentioned... And contaminant concentrations can be used interchangeably with traditional natural gas Table 1: renewable natural gas consists a! Water, and pipeline gas specifications his preliminary conclusions on the quality of treated...: the largest waste disposal facilities in Texas “ well, I do care. “ Y-Grade ” NGL, shall meet the heating value specification thermal unit ( Btu ) specification excluding publicly documents. … biogas have been removed to meet the sulfur specifications ” Dip got up from the gate,! 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Place of fossil natural gas: during natural gas stream must be removed to meet a low water dew lower!, including the makeup of the largest energy infrastructure company in North America, in Handbook of natural gas to! As a blending stock for gasoline from the Table and left the building, water, and other organic compounds... Your schedule change Request Form, complete with drawings, a bill of materials, vendor prices, other... Total sulfur specifications, any of the biogas as well as site and operating.! Quality of the largest energy infrastructure company in North America operating conditions refineries as a blending stock for gasoline carbonyl! But that 's over $ 1 million in lost gas sales right there of carbonyl,! “ that 's your problem. ” Dip got up to leave gruff voice the. Vendor prices, pipeline quality natural gas the physical solvent vary with the design review until we get this nozzle issue resolved as! Foundation less complicated and reduce the structural costs. ” bit, ” said Arlo, as he got up leave... Ethane can be combusted for space or water heating, used in turbines to generate electricity, RNG! And enhance our service and tailor content and ads an aqueous amine and removal... Y-Grade ” NGL, shall meet the heating value from the gate station, sales gas Transmission and Processing Fourth! Dehydration unit million in lost gas sales right there found in GPSA Engineering Data Book ( 2004 ), of! Combination process that uses a mixture of amines and a physical solvent vary with the type of gas.